A kidney stone is a hard mass formed when minerals and acid salts in the urine crystallize and accumulate in the kidneys. These stones are usually composed of substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or cystine, and can range in size from tiny granules to large masses. Stones may remain stationary in the kidneys or move into the ureter, the tube that carries urine, leading to severe pain and obstruction. Kidney stones are a common health problem worldwide and can significantly impact quality of life. Healme Clinic provides effective solutions for kidney stone patients with its specialized team and advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities.
Causes of Kidney Stone Formation
One of the most common causes of kidney stone formation is insufficient fluid intake. In individuals with low daily water consumption, urine becomes concentrated, which promotes the crystallization of minerals and the formation of stones. Water helps dilute minerals in the kidneys and facilitates their excretion. Therefore, adequate fluid intake is one of the most fundamental and effective methods to prevent stones. This is especially important during hot weather or after intense physical activity when fluid loss increases.
Diet has a direct influence on kidney stone formation. Consuming excessive salty foods, diets high in animal protein, foods rich in oxalate (such as spinach, beets, and chocolate), and high calcium intake can increase the risk of stones. Additionally, diets lacking in fiber and nutritional balance can impair kidney function and create a favorable environment for stones to form. Dietitians at Healme Clinic provide tailored dietary plans for patients with a history of kidney stones to help prevent recurrence.
In some individuals, the development of kidney stones is linked to genetic predisposition. People with a family history of kidney stones have a significantly increased risk. This genetic tendency may affect the body’s mineral absorption, urine composition, and metabolic processes. Therefore, individuals with a history of stones are advised to undergo regular check-ups and take preventive measures. Healme Clinic offers early diagnosis and preventive health services for at-risk individuals to stop kidney stones before they develop.
Metabolic conditions such as gout, hyperparathyroidism, cystinuria, and renal tubular acidosis can facilitate kidney stone formation. These disorders disrupt the body’s mineral balance and increase stone-forming substances in the urine. Particularly, conditions that disturb urine pH make it easier for crystals to form. Individuals with these conditions require close monitoring and regular tests to assess their metabolic health.
Recurring urinary tract infections, especially those caused by urease-producing bacteria, can make the urine more alkaline and lead to the formation of struvite stones. These stones tend to grow rapidly and may cause serious complications. Infections can also impair kidney function and accelerate the progression of stones. Untreated infections not only promote stone formation but may also result in kidney damage.
The most common symptom of kidney stones is sudden, intense pain in the side of the back, which may radiate to the groin. This pain typically occurs when the stone moves into the ureter. Known as renal colic, the pain may come in waves and be so severe that it hinders movement. Nausea, vomiting, sweating, and restlessness often accompany the pain.
As stones rub against the urinary tract, they can cause bleeding, resulting in urine that appears pink, red, or brown. Known as hematuria, this symptom indicates that the stone is moving and irritating the urinary tract. The bleeding may range from mild to severe and requires professional evaluation.
As a kidney stone progresses through the urinary tract, it may press on the bladder, leading to frequent urination, burning sensations while urinating, and difficulty with urine flow. These symptoms may be more pronounced if a urinary tract infection is also present.
The severe pain caused by kidney stones can also affect the digestive system, leading to nausea and vomiting. As pressure increases in the kidney, nerve reflexes can intensify these symptoms.
Diagnosis begins with a thorough evaluation of the patient’s complaints. The nature and duration of the pain, accompanying symptoms, and any previous history of stones are discussed. During the physical examination, tenderness in the flank, muscle spasms in the abdominal and back areas are assessed. These findings are essential in guiding the diagnosis.
Ultrasound is a fast, radiation-free imaging method, often preferred for pregnant women and children. Computed tomography (CT), particularly low-dose CT, provides the most detailed information on the size, location, and impact of the stone on surrounding organs and is the most commonly used imaging tool today.
Urinalysis can reveal signs such as blood, crystals, or infection. Blood tests help evaluate kidney function, detect signs of infection, and identify underlying metabolic issues. These tests play a critical role in guiding the treatment process.
Most stones smaller than 5 mm can pass on their own. In such cases, increased fluid intake, an active lifestyle, and pain relievers are recommended to help pass the stone. Regular follow-up is necessary to monitor the stone’s movement and ensure no kidney damage occurs.
Alpha-blockers relax the ureter and make it easier for the stone to pass. Pain relievers, antispasmodics, and antibiotics support the treatment. In cases of metabolic stones, medications that regulate urine pH may be used.
This non-invasive method uses external shock waves to break the stone into smaller pieces that can be passed through urine. ESWL is effective for small to medium-sized stones. It typically does not require anesthesia, and patients can usually go home the same day.
A thin camera is inserted through the urinary tract to directly visualize the stone and break it up with a laser. This method is effective for small to medium-sized stones. Healme Clinic successfully performs this minimally invasive technique with its experienced specialists.
Used for large stones or those that cannot be treated by other methods. A small incision is made in the back to access the kidney and remove the stone directly. General anesthesia is required, and the procedure yields effective results in a short time.
Drinking at least 2–3 liters of water per day helps dilute the urine and prevent stone formation. Fluid intake should be spread evenly throughout the day. Individuals with a history of stones should be especially diligent.
Avoiding foods high in salt, animal protein, and oxalate, and consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables rich in fiber helps reduce stone risk. Healme Clinic provides dietary support with personalized nutritional recommendations.
Physical activity promotes healthy metabolism and reduces calcium release from bones into the urine, thereby lowering the risk of stones.
People with a history of kidney stones or genetic predisposition should undergo regular health check-ups and urine analyses. Healme Clinic offers preventive monitoring programs for these individuals.
Kidney stone disease is a manageable condition with proper diagnosis and treatment. Healme Clinic offers high-tech equipment, personalized treatment approaches, and multidisciplinary healthcare services throughout the process. With a team of experts, the clinic not only focuses on treatment but also guides patients on lifestyle changes to help prevent recurrence.
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